5-3

5-3 Notes:

**Bold Words:**
• Direct Democracy: a form of government in which citizens rule directly and through representatives, was an important legacy of Periclean Athens. • Classical Art: Athens wanted to portray ideal beauty, not realism. Their values of harmony, order, balance, and proportion. The faces of the sculptures only shown serenity, and the sculptures were graceful, strong and perfectly formed. • Tragedy- a serious drama about common themes such as love, hate, war or betrayal. They had a main character or tragic hero. The hero had gifted talents and amazing abilities. A tragic flaw, like excessive pride or hubris usually caused the hero's downfall. • Comedy- a play that had slapstick situations and crude humor. It made fun of politics and respected people and ideas of that time.

**Key People:**
• Aeschylus- wrote more than 80 plays. His famous work was a trilogy named Oresteia. His plays consisted the idea of Justice. • Sophocles- wrote more than 100 plays including Oedipus the King and Antigone. • Euripides- wrote the play Medea and featured strong women in his plays. • Aristophanes - wrote the first great comedies that include The Birds and the Lysistrata. • Herodotus- pioneered the accurate reporting of events. His book on the Persian War is considered one of the first work of history. • Philosophers- "lovers of wisdom" • Protagoras - questioned the existence of the traditional Greek god and said that there was no universal standard of truth. • Socrates: Critic of the Sophists. He believed that absolute standards did exist for truth and justice. However, he encouraged Greeks to go farther and question themselves and their moral character. • Plato: his teacher was Socrates and came up with a book called The republic, in 370 B.C. He explained a perfect society where people would fall into three groups:1) famers and artistans 2) warriors 3) the ruling class. This ruled Europe for 1,500 years. • Aristotle: he questioned the nature of the world and of human belief, thought, and knowledge. He came up with a method for arguing according to rules of logic. He later applied these methods to problems in the fields of psychology, physics, and biology. His work was the basis for the scientific method today.

**Key Events:**
• Perciles led Athens during much of it's golden age.(461-429 B.C.) He was a politician, inspiring speaker, and a general. • He had three goals: - to strengthen Athenian democracy - to hold and strengthen the empire - to glorify Athens
 * Percile's Plans for Athens:**

__Stronger Democracy__ • Perciles paid more public officials (Before, they weren't paid) Rich Athens could hold to be public officials, but poor Athens serve if elected or chosen by a lot. • It was the most democratic governments in history. • They were a democracy- Male Athen citizens in the assembly established all important government policies that affected the polis.

__Athenian Empire__ • They organized the Delian League, and took over the leadership of the league and dominated city-states in it. The money from the treasury was used to make the Athenian navy the strongest in the Mediterranean. • It was important because: - Helped Athens strengthen the safety of its empire - Prosperity was based on access to waterways - need trade to keep supplies and get new goods • People in the Peloponnesus resisted Athens and formed their own alliances.

__Glorifying Athens__ • Perciles glorified Athens by using the money from the Delian League - he'd buy gold, ivory and marble

Perciles goal: For Athens to have the best Artist and Architectures to create magnificent sculptures and buildings to glorify Athens.
 * Glorious Art and Architecture**

__Architecture and Sculpture__ • Parethenon: Was a 23,000 sq ft building on the traditional style that had been used to create Greek temples for 200 years. It was built to honor Athena, the goddess of wisdom and the protector of Athens, set examples of Greek art. Phidias was the constructor, and put a sculputre of Athena inside the building that was 30 feet tall and consisted of gold and ivory. • They used classical art in structures

• The plays were about leadership, justice, and the duties owed to god. As part of their civic duty, wealthy citizens payed for some of the play.
 * Drama and History**

__Tragedy and Comedy__ • 2 kinds of drama- tragedy and comedy • Athenians were able to listen to criticism of themselves showed the freedom and openness of public discussions.

__History__ • Herodotus, pioneered the accurate reporting of events. His book on the Persian War is considered one of the first work of history. • Athenian Thucydides believed that certain types of events and political situations recur over time. He thought understanding the past would help the present.

• Sparta declared war in 431 B.C.
 * Athenians and Spartans Go to War**

__Peloponnesian War__ • When the __peloponnesian war__ began Athen had the strongest Navy and Sparta had the strongest Army. Percilies wanted the war to be on the sea. • Spartan eventually marched into Athenian territory and burnt Athens food supply. Percilies responded by residents from the surrounding cities inside the city-wall. They were safe from hunger as long as they could sail into port with supplies from Athenian colonies and foreign states. • Second year of war, Spartans killed one third of the Athens population including Perciles. Athens fought for several more years and then in 421 B.C Sparta and Athens signed a truce.

__Sparta Gains Victory__ • 415 B.C. - Sent 20,000 soldiers to the island of Sicily to destroy Syracuse (Sparta's wealthiest allies) In 413 B.C. they had a crushing defeat. • 404 B.C. Athens and allies surrendered.

• Philosophers based their philosophy on: - The universe (land, sky, sea) is put together in an orderly way, and subject to absolute and unchanging laws - People can understand these laws through logic and reason • The Sophists questioned peoples unexamined beliefs and ideas about justice and other traditional values. Protagoras was a Sophists. • Socrates in 399 B.C. he was brought to trial. He believed his teachings were good from Athens because it gave them a chance to look at their own values and actions. He was put to death by drinking poison. • Plato • Aristotle • Aristotle was asked to tutor Alexander, the son of King Philip II of Macedonia in 343 B.C. Three years later Alexander was asked to come home.
 * Philosophers search for truth**