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__Sacraments-__ Important religious ceremonies that the priests and clergy administrated __Canon Law-__ Church law, in matter such as marriage and religious practices. __Excommunication__- Banishment from Church if people violate the canon law. Lay Investiture- a ceremony in which kings and nobles appointed church officials. Whoever controlled lay investiture help the real power in naming bishops, who were very influential clergy that kings sought to control. Church reformers felt that kings should not have that power. __Clergy-__ Was ruled by the pope in the church and looked over the bishops and priests.
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• Three hundered years earlier than Charlemagne's crowning of Roman Emperor, Pope Gelasius recognized the conflicts that could arise between the church & state. • Gelasius came up with god had created 2 symbolic swords 1)Religious 2) Political and the pope- spiritual sword emperor- political sword. He thought that the pope should bow to the emperor in political matters and in return the emperor should bow to the pope in religious matters. Each ruler could share power in harmony but they actually disagreed on the boundaries of the realm. __The Structure of the Church__ • In Church power was based on status and consisted of different ranks of clergy (religious officials) Ranking: 1) Pope 2) All Clergy (bishops supervised priests, the lowest members of the clergy.) • Bishops settled disputes between Church teachings and practices-- priest was the main contact with local people __Religion as a Unifying Force__ • The church was a stable force during an era of constant warfare and political turmoil because it provided Christians with a sense of security and of belonging to a religious community. Religion acted as center stage. • Medieval Christians' lives were hard but they could call follow the same path to salvation-everlasting life in heaven. Sacraments were the rights that paved the way for achieving salvation. Ex- through the sacrament of baptism, people became a part of the Christian community. • Church served as a religious and social center. They talked to others and had festive celebrations. __The Law of the Church__ • Churches' authority was religious and political and provided a unifying set of spiritual beliefs and rituals. Had a system of justice to guide people's conduct, established courts to try people accused of violating canon law. Punishments included excommunication and interdict. • Popes used excommunication to wield power over political rulers and freed all the king's vassals from their duties to him. If an excommunicated king continued to disobey the pope, the pope, in turn, could use the interdict. • Under an interdict, many sacraments and religious services could not be performed in the king's lands. As Christians, the king’s subjects believed that without such sacraments they might be doomed to hell. 11th century, excommunication and the possible threat of an interdict would force a German emperor to submit to the pope's commands.
 * The Far- Reaching Authority of the Church**

__Otto I Allies with the Church__ • Otto I, German ruler (Otto the Great) crowned king in 936, followed the policies of his hero, Charlegmagne. To limit the nobles' strength, he sought help from the clergy and built up his power base by gaining the support of the bishops and abbots (heads of monasteries) He used his power to defeat German princes and he invaded Italy on the pope's behalf. 962, Otto was crowned emperor by pope. __Signs of Future Conflicts__ • __Holy Roman Empire__ was the strongest state in Europe until 1100 ruled by Otto. Caused troubles to the future German leaders and people and Italian nobles, too, resented German power over Italy.
 * The Church and the Holy Roman Empire **
 * •** Crowing of Charlemagne set the stage for future conflicts between popes and emperors.

• Church was not happy that kings, Otto, had control for clergy and their offices. And didn't like Lay Investiture. • 1075, Pope Gregory VII banned lay investiture • German emperor, Henry IV, immediately called a meeting of the German bishops he had appointed. Emperor ordered Gregory to step down from the papacy but then Gregory excommunicated Henry. German bishops and princes sided with the pope. Henry tried to wins pope's forgiveness. __Showdown at Canossa__ • January 1077, Henry went to a castle in Canossa, Italy where he approached Gregory. Gregory kept Henry waiting in the snow for three days before ending his excommunication. The pope had humiliated Henry. Henry felt triumphant and rushed home to punish rebellious nobles. __Concordat of Worms__ • 1122- representatives of the Church and the emperor met in the German city of Worms and reached a compromise called Concordat of Worms. The church alone could now appoint a bishop, but the emperor could veto the appointment. Now, German princes regained power lost under Otto. Frederick I, would resume the battle to build royal authority.
 * The Emperor Clashes with the Pope**

• 1152, Frederick I, (Barbarossa for his red beard) __The Reign of Frederick__ • He was the first ruler to call his lands the Holy Roman Empire although the region was actually a patchwork of feudal territories. He invaded the rich cities in Italy and his brutal tactics spurred Italian merchants to unite against him. He also angered the pope, who joined the merchants in an alliance called the Lombard League. • 1176, Battle of Legnano Lombard League faced Frederick's army of mounted knights. Foot soldiers defeated the knights with crossbows to defeated the knights which was the first time in history. • 1177, Frederick made peace with the pope and returned to Germany. He drowned in 1190, his empire fell to pieces. __German States Remain Separate__ • Frederick II(Fredericks grandson) attempted to revive Charlemagne's empire and his alliance with the Church which lead to fights with Italian cities and clashes with the pope. This is 1 reason the feudal states of Germany did not unify during the Middle Ages. 2nd reason) the system of German princes electing the king weakened royal authority.
 * Disorder in the Empire**