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__Simony:__ A practice when Bishops sold positions in the church. __Gothic:__ A new style of church architect that came from a Germanic tribe named the Goths. __Crusade:__ A holy war __Reconquista__: Was a long effort by the Spanish to drive Muslims out of Spain. __Inquisition__: To unify their country under Christianity and to increase their power, Isabella and Ferdinand made use of the Inquisition.
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__Friars:__ Like monks, friars took vows of chastity, poverty, and obedience. They preached to the poor throughout Europe's towns and cities and owned nothing/ lived by begging. __Urban II:__ Read Alexius Comnenus letter and issued a call for what termed "a holy war", a crusade. __Saladin:__ A muslim leader and Kurdish warrior took over Jerusalem. __Richard the Lion- Hearted:__ He had to be the one to defeat Saladin for the holy land, but instead they agreed to a truce in 1192.
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__-The Age of Faith-__ • Monastery's at Cluny in France in 910 were very important because the reformers there wanted to return to the basic principles of the Christian religion. Popes began to reform the church influenced by God and the Age of Faith was born. __Problems in the Church__ • Some priests couldn't read their prayers/had questionable morals. Some bishops/abbots cared more about their positions as feudal lords than their duties as spiritual leaders. Three problems were: 1) Village priests married and had families 2) Bishops sold positions in the Church called Simony. 3) Kings appointed church bishops, but the church thought they should appoint bishops. __Reform and Church Organization__ • People Leo IX and Pope Gregory VII enforced church laws against simony and marriage of priests. • 1100s and 1200s the church changed into a kingdom, pope at it's head and group of advisors called papal Curia. Papal Curia acted as a court and developed Cannon Law on matters like marriage, divorce, and inheritance. Popes established their authority throughout Europe by diplomats traveling. • Church collected tithes (10 percent of income) from Christian families and used the money for social services. The church operated most hospitals in medieval Europe. __New Religious Orders__ • early 1200's friars traveled to preach and spread the Church's ideas. • Dominic (spanish priest) founded the Dominicans and emphasized the importance of study/scholars. Francis of Assisi (an Italian) founded the Franciscans and he treated everything as if they were his spiritual brothers and sisters. • Women joined the Dominicans, Benedictines, and Franciscans. 1212, a woman named Clare and Francis of Assisi founded Franciscans order for women known as Poor Clares. In Germany, Hildegard of Bingen (a mystic/ musician) founded Benedictine convent in 1147. They lived in poverty and helped poor and sick and couldn't travel. __-Cathedrals-- Cities of God-__ • People worshipped in Cathedrals, City of God. 800-1100, churches were built by Romanesque style which had round arches and a heavy roof held up by thick walls and pillars and had tiny windows to let in light. __A New Style of Church Architecture__ • Early 1100s Gothic evolved throughout medieval Europe. They thrust upward reaching towards heaven and had sculptures, wooden carvings, and stained glass windows. This was to inspire the worshiper with the magnificence of God. • In paris, Notre Dame eventually rose to more than 100 feet. Then Chartres, Reims, Amiens, and Beauvias built taller cathedrals. 1170-1270 500 Gothic churches were built. __-The Crusades-__ • In 1903, the Byzantine emperor Alexius Comnenus sent an appeal to Robert, Count of Flanders and asked to help against Muslim Turks who were threatening to conquer his capital, Constantinople. • Pope Urban II issued a term called a "holy war", Crusade, to gain control of the Holy land. __Goals of the Crusades__ • Crusades had economic, social and political goals and religious motives. Muslims controlled Palestine (holy land) and threatened Constantinople. The pope wanted to reclaim Palestine and reunite Christendom, which had split into Eastern and Western branches in 1054. • Kings and the church saw the crusades as an opportunity to get rid of knights who fought each other who threatened the peace of the kingdoms and church property. • Younger sons were in the Crusades because they were looking for land and a position in society, or for adventure. • Merchants profited by making cash loans to finance the journey and leased their ships for a hefty fee to transport armies over the Mediterranean Sea. The merchants of Pisa, Genoa, and Venice hoped to win control of key trade routes to India, Southeast Asia, and China from Muslim traders. __The First and Second Crusades__ • According to the pope those who died on Crusade were assured of a place in heaven. They wore red crosses sewn on tunics and a battle cry "God Will it!" Knights and commoners became crusaders. • 1097, 3 armies of knights and people of all classes had gathered outside Constantinople. For the first crusade, many people knew nothing of the geography, climate, or culture of the Holy Land. The nobles argued among themselves and couldn't agree on a leader. An army 0f 12,000 approached Jerusalem and on July 15, 1099 they captured the city. • For feudal Crusader states were carved out of this territory, each ruled by a European noble. • In 1144, Edessa was reconquered by the Turks. The second Crusade was organized to recapture the city but they got defeated. 1187, Europeans were shocked to learn that Jerusalem itself had fallen to Saladin. __The Third Crusade__ • Philip II (Augustus) of France, German emperor Frederick I (Barbarossa), the Richard the Lion-Hearted (English king) tried to recapture Jerusalem in the third crusade but Philip went home, and Barbarossa drowned so Richard was left to lead the Crusaders to regain the holy land. They agreed to a truce in 1192 and Jerusalem remained under Muslim control and Christian pilgrims could freely visit the city's holy places. __- The Crusading Spirit Dwindles-__ • 1204, The Fourth Crusade failed because the knights did not reach the holy land instead they looted the city of Constantinople. 1200s 4 more crusades failed and the search for personal gain grew. Next 2 Crusades armies marched to Egypt to weaken Muslims but it didn't work. __The Children's Crusade__ • The Children's Crusade took place in 1212 when thousands of children set out to conquer Jerusalem. 1 group in France was led by 12 year old Stephen of Cloyes. 30,000 children under 18 joined him. They thought god would just give them Jerusalem..although most died of starvation, cold, drowned or sold into slavery. • In Germany, Nicholas of Cologne gathered 20,000 children and young adults and marched toward Rome. Many died crossing the Alps and those who didn't met the Pope in italy. He told them to go home and wait until they were older but many died going home and some went on a ship to the holy land and never heard of again. __A Spanish Crusade__ • The Reconquista was a long effort by the spanish to drive the Muslims out of Spain. 1400s the muslims held Granada. In 1492, Granada finally fell to Christian army of Ferdinand and Isabella, spanish monarchs. • The Inquisition was made and was held by the Church to suppress heresy. Heretics were people who religious beliefs differed from the teachings of the Church. Jews and Muslims in Spain converted to Christianity in 1400s and inquisitors suspected them as converts of heresy and were questioned for weeks and tortured. • Once people confessed, they were burned at stake and in 1942 the monarchs expelled all practicing Jews and Muslims from Spain. __-The Effects of the Crusades-__ • Crusades showed churches power and when women were left a long it gave them a chance to manage affairs on the estates or to operate shops and inns. • European merchants who lived and traded in the Crusader states expanded trade between Europe and Southwest Asia. The good imported were spices, fruits, and cloth. This benefited Christians and Muslims. • Crusades weakened the power of the pope, feudal nobility and strengthened power of kings. The fall of Constantinople weakened the Byzantine Empire and knights died. • To this day Muslims, Christians and Jews are still fighting for the Holy Land.
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