5-2

5-2:

__**Bold Words:**__
• Polis: A city state in 750 B.C. was the fundamental political unit in Greece. A polis was made of a city and its surrounding countryside. • Monarchy: When one person rules (King) a city-state. • Aristocracy: a government ruled by a small group of noble, landowning families. • Oligarchy: a government ruled by a few powerful people. • Democracy: Ruled by the people, in Athens they participated in direct political decisions. • Helots: peasants forced to stay on the land they worked. • Phalanx: The fearsome formation, when soldiers stood side by side holding a spear and a shield. It became the most powerful fighting force in the whole world. • Persian Wars: between Greece and the Persian empire, began in Ionia, Greeks had long been settled there, but around 546 B.C. the Persians conquered the area.
 * •** acropolis: A fortified hilltop where citizens gathered to discuss city government.

__**Key People:**__ • Tyrants:Powerful individuals would go to common people for support so they could be a more powerful ruler. Tyrants were not considered harsh or cruel, they were up upon as leaders and once in power they would make buildings and create jobs and housing for their support. • Darius: A persian king. He made a persian fleet during 4900 B.C. and brought 25, 000 soldiers to fight the Athens. The Athens were greatly out numbered but still charged in phalanx. The persians fled with ore than 6,000 soldiers- Athens had 200. • Xerxes: Darius son, led to fight the Greeks, Spartans and Athens in order for revenge. (INFO DOWN BELOW)

__**Key Events:**__
• Most City States 50 - 500 square miles of territory and had less than 10,000 residence. Every city state had an acropolis and they went there to discuss city government.
 * Rule and Order in Greek City-States**

__Greek Political Structures:__ • In each city state there was different forms of religion. In some a king ruled a monarchy, or some others like aristocracy, or a oligarchy.

__Tyrants Seize Power:__ • In many city-states, repeated clashes occurred between rulers and the common people. Powerful individuals would go to common people for support so they could be a more powerful ruler, they are called Tyrants.

• Athens went through the struggle of rich and poor. They avoided major political upheavals by making timely reforms. They turned toward Democracy.
 * Athens Builds a Limited Democracy**

__Building Democracy:__ • Draco, in 621 B.C. - developed a legal code based on the idea that all Athenians, rich and poor, were equal under the law. - He made the death penalty for every crime. - Debtors worked as slaves to repay debt. • Solon, 594. B.C. - said that no citizen should own another citizen so he outlawed debt slavery. - All Athenian citizen was divided into four social classes based on wealth. The top three could participate in political office. - Regardless of class, they could participate in Athenian assembly. - Anyone could bring charge against wrongdoers. • Cleisthenes, 500 B.C. - He broke social class, and labeled people into 10 groups based on where they lived instead of their wealth. - He allowed all citizens to submit laws for debate and passage. - Created Council of 500. They proposed laws and counseled the assembly, people were chosen at random or by lot. • Cleisthenes, allowed Athenian citizens to participate in limited democracy. - Only free adult male property owners born in Athens were considered a citizen.

__Athenian Education:__ • Only the sons of wealthy families received education. They studied grammar, reading, poetry, history, mathematics, music, logic, public speaking, athletic activities. They went to military school so they could defend Athens. • Girls stay at home and learn child-rearing, waving cloth, preparing meals, managing the household from their moms or other woman householders. Some could learn how to read and write.

• Sparta was located on Peloponnesus and was cut off from the rest of Greece by the Gulf of Corinth. They were a military state.
 * Sparta Builds A Military State**

__Sparta Dominates Messenians:__ • 725 B.C. Sparta took over Messenia and the Messenians became helots. They demanded Messenians to give half their crop once a year to them. • 650 B.C. Messenians were so sick of the harsh rules, they revolted and caused Sparta to become a stronger city-state.

__Sparta's Government and Society:__ • Spartans had many branches - Assembly: All Spartan Citizens, elected officials and voted on major issues. - The Council of Elders: 30 older citizens, proposed laws on which the assembly voted. - Five elected officials carried out the laws passed by the assembly. They also controlled education and prosecuted court cases. - 2 kings ruled Spartan's military forces • Spartan had many groups - original citizens - ruling families that owned land - non citizens who were free - worked in commerce and industry - helots - worked in fields or house servants

__Spartan Daily Life:__ • 600 to 371 B.C. Sparta had the most powerful army in Greece. They had a high price for their military supremacy. They did not believe in individual beauty and talents but instead duty, strength and discipline. • Boys left home at 7 to go to the military and tough conditions made them strong. They didn't leave until 30, but were expected to participate until age 60. • Spartan girls ran, wrestled and played sports and were expected to put military over families. When they were older had more freedom on how they rose their families.

__A New Kind Of Army Emerges:__ • Iron later replaced bronze and was a lot cheaper so more common people would be able to defend themselves. This helped the army to become from rich to merchants, artisans, and small landowners. They had a form of phalanx.
 * The Persian Wars**

__Battle At Marathon:__ • During the Persian Wars, when Ionian Greeks revoted, Athens sent ships and soldiers to their aid. The Persian King, Darius wanted revenge to Athens. • In 4900 B.C. a persian fleet brought 25, 000 soldiers to fight the Athens. The Athens were greatly out numbered but still charged in phalanx. The persians fled with ore than 6,000 soldiers- Athens had 200.

__Pheidippides Brings News:__ • The Athens after winning battle were close to defenseless so the Persians told Pheidippides, a young runner, ran 26 miles from Marathon to Athens and said "rejoice we conquer" He died, but the Persians arrived in Athens. The Athens were heavily defended and retreated back.

__Thermoplyae and Salamis:__ • In 480 B.C. Xerxes, Darius son, assembled an enormous invasion to crush Athens. The Greeks were divided- some wanted to fight, and others wanted the Persians to destroy so they could go back home and some even fought on Persian side. • Xerxes came to a mountain range in Thermoplyae where 7,000 Greeks and 300 Spartans stood stand in front ready to fight. The Parisians heard of a secret pathway and the Spartans stood in front on pathway- all being killed. The Greek fled • Themistocles an Athien leader, told the Athens to flea and fight on the sea. The Xeres burned the city and went to go fight them through the small channel, but the Athens sank their ships and was defeated. He was defeated again in 479 B.C. when the Greeks crushed the Persians at the Battle of Plateau. • The Delian League was created, several greeks continued to press war and made the Persians move from close Greek areas and ended the threat of future attacks.

__Consequences of the Persian Wars:__ • Athens became the leader of Delian League which consisted of more than 200 city-states. In time, it became the Athien empire.