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__**Bold Words:**__ __Protestant Theology:__ Religious beliefs __Predestination:__ The doctrine where John Calvin believed that god has known since the beginning of time who will be saved. __Theocracy:__ A government controlled by religious leaders __Catholic Reformation:__ Helping Catholics to remain loyal was a movement within the Catholic Church to reform itself. __Council at Trent:__ Where Catholic bishops and cardinals agreed on several doctrines.

__**Key people:**__ __Elect:__ John Calvin called the people that were saved from god the "elect" __Presbyters:__ Elders __Presbyterians:__ The followers of John Knox __Huguenots:__ Calvin's followers in France __Anabaptists:__ People who believed that persons who had been baptized as children should be rebaptized as adults. The Greek word meant "baptize again." __Jesuits:__ Members of the group that pope created which was called the Society of Jesus.

__**key events:**__ __-Calvin Continues the Reformation-__ • Huldrych Zwingli was influenced by Christian humanism of Erasmus and by the reforms of Luther. 1520, Zwingli called for a return to the more personal faith of early Christianity and wanted believers to have more control over the church. • 1531, Swiss Protestants and Catholics has a wore where Zwingli died.

__Calvin Formalizes Protestant Ideas__ • John Calvin would give order to the faith Luther had begun. • 1536, Calvin published //Institutes of the Christian Religion// which expressed ideas about God, salvation, human nature which was protestant theology. He said that men and women are sinful by nature and said god chooses few people to save. Predestination, and Calvinism.

__Calvin Leads the Reformation in Switzerland__ • Calvin believed in theocracy. 1541, Protestants in Geneva, Switzerland, asked Calvin to lead their city. • 1540s Geneva was a self-governing city of about 20, 000 people. There was strict rules like - everyone attended religion class - no one wore bright clothing - no one played card games • Authorities would imprison, excommunicate, banish those who break rules. Anyone who preached different doctrines might be burned at stake. Calvin's Geneva was a model city of highly moral citizens.

__Calvinism Spreads__ • John Knox returned to Scotland in 1559, who used Calvin's ideas and governed the community church by a group of presbyters. Followers were known as Presbyterians. 1560s, Protestant nobles made Calvinism Scotland's official religion. They also deposed their ruler, Mary Queen of Scots, in favor of her infant son, James. • Swiss, Dutch, and French reformers adopted the Calvinist form of church organization. Calvins teachings have softened throughout the years. • August 24, 1572 in Paris the Catholic feast of St. Bartholomew's Day the catholic mobs began hunting for Protestants and murdering them. The massacre spread to other cities and lasted six months. People believe 12,000 Huguenots were killed.

__-Other Protestant Reformers-__ • Protestants taught that the Bible is the source of all religious truth and that people should read it to discover these truths.

__The Anabaptists__ • Anabaptists taught that church and state should be separate, and they refused to fight in wars. They shared their possessions. • Catholics and Protestants persecuted Anabaptists but the Anabaptists survived and became the force runners of the Mennonites and the Amish.

__Women's Role in the Reformation__ • Francis I, Marguerite of Navarre, protected John Calvin from being executed for his beliefs while he lived in France. Katherina Zell, married to Matthew Zell of Strasbourg scolded a minister responded by saying that she had "disturbed the peace" • Katherina von Bora was a nun, and fled to the convent where she married Luther. They had 6 children, managed family finances, fed all who visited their house, supported her husband's work. She argued with Luther about woman's equal role in marriage. • Male religious leaders narrowly limited women's activities to the home and discouraged them from being leaders in the church. Luther said, " God's highest gift on earth is a pious, cheerful, God- fearing, home- keeping wife."

__-The Catholic Reformation-__ • Catholic Reformation. Reformers in the movement were Ignatius of Loyola, who founded new religious orders and two popes- Paul III and Paul IV.

__Ignatius of Loyola__ • Ignatius grew up in Loyola, Spain. 1521, he was injured in war and then cleansed his soul. In 1522, Ignatius began writing a book called //Spiritual Exercises// that laid out a day-by-day plan of meditation, prayer, and study. • 1540, pope created a religious order for his followers called the Society of Jesus. (Jesuits) They focused on three activies: - they founded superb schools throughout Europe - Convert non- Christians to Catholicism - stop the spread of Protestantism

__Reforming Popes__ • Pope Paul II (1534- 1549): - directed a council of cardinals to investigate indulgence selling and other abuses in the Church. - Approved the Jesuit order. - used the inquisition to seek out heresy in papal territory - called a council of Church leaders to meet in Trent, in northern Italy. (Most important) • 1545-1563 at Council of Trent, Catholic bishops and cardinals agreed on several doctrines - Any Christian who substituted his or her own interpretation was a heretic. - Christians needed faith and good works for salvation and were not saved by faith alone. - The bible and church tradition were equally powerful authorities for guiding Christian life. - Indulgences were valid expressions of faith- false selling of indulgences was banned. • Pope Paul IV in 1559, wrote the list called //Index of Forbidden Books.// Catholic bishops through- out Europe were ordered to gather up the offensive books and burn them in bonfires. In Venice along, followers burned 10,000 books in one day.

__- The Legacy of the Reformation-__ • Reformation ended the Christian unity of Europe and left it culturally divided.

__Religious and Social Effects of the Reformation__ • The Roman Catholic Church itself became more unified as a result of the reforms started at the Council of Trent. Catholic and Protestants education in promoting their beliefs became more important. This led to the founding of parish schools and new colleges and universities throughout Europe. • Women were still mainly limited to the concerns of home and family.

__Political Effects of the Reformation__ • Individual monarchs and states gained power which led to the development of modern nation- states. 1600s, rulers of nation states would seek more power for themselves and their countries through warfare, exploration and expansion.