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__Lord:__ A landowner who granted land called a fief __Fief:__ A granted land in order to exchange for military protection and other services. __Vassal:__ The person that received a fief. __Serfs:__ People who could not lawfully leave the place where they were born. Though bound to the land, serfs were not slaves. Their lords could not sell or buy them. But what their labor produced belonged to the lord. __Manor:__ Was the lord's estate. __Millstones:__ Huge stones in order to grain flower. __Tithe:__ A church tax that peasant families had to pay for in Manor Life and represented 1/10 of their income. __Leif(Leef) Ericson:__ He was a Viking Explorar reach North America around 1,000 (500 years before Columbus.) __Knight:__ Were mounted horsemen who pledged to defend their lords' lands in exchange for fiefs.
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 * Key People:**

• 800-100 Invasions destroyed the Carolingian Empire, Muslim from south seized Sicily and raided Italy, 846- sacked Rome. Magyar invaders from east terrorized Germany and Italy. Vikings from north came. __The Vikings Invade from the North__ •Vikings(Northmen,Norsemen) came from Scandinavia and were Germanic people who worshipped war gods & took pride in nicknames like "Thorfinn Skullsplitter" • They would beached their ships, strike quickly, and go back to sea. The largest of their ships held 300 warriors, who rowed the ship's 72 oars. The ship had a carved head of a sea monster, and weighed 20 tons but would float in 3 ft of water. • Vikings were also traders, farmers, and explorers. They went to western Europe, heart of Russia, Constantinople, North Atlantic. __Leif Ericson.__ Terror in Europe faded. The Vikings started to accept Christianity/stopped raiding monasteries/fewer Scandinavians had fear because of easy farming. __Magyars and Muslims Attack from the East and South__ • Magyars, a group of nomadic people) swept across the plains for Danube River and invaded western Europe in 800's and attacked villages/monasteries. They overran northern Italy and reach as far west as the Rhineland and Burgundy. They took captives to sell as slaves. • Muslims struck from south and invaded Italy&Spain from North Africa. 600-700 they wanted to attack Europe by 800-900 the goal plundered. They were able to attack settlements on the Atlantic&Mediterranean coasts& Switzerland because they were good seafarers. • Most Europeans lived in constant dancer because of invasions. Kings could not defend and people then turned to local rulers who had their armies. • 911, Rollo the head of viking army had been plundering the rich Seine (sayn) River valley for years. Charles the simple (king to France) gave Rollo a piece of French territory and in return Rollo swore a pledge of loyalty to the king. __Feudalism Structures Society__ • 850 to 950 bad attacks happened and Charles and Rollo made agreements in Europe. Feudalism had formed in Europe. • Feudalism: - It was based on rights and obligations - Lord - Fief - Vassal - Charles the simple, the lord, and Rollo, the vassal, showed how this two - sided bargain worked. It depended on the control of land. __The Feudal Pyramid__ • King was at the top, most power vassals was next--wealthy landowners such as nobles and bishops, then knights, landless peasants who toiled in the fields. __Social Classes Are Well Defined__ • Feudal system was based on person's prestige and power and was inherited. Medieval had three groups: - Nobles and Knights (fought) - Men and woman of the church (prayed) - Peasants (those who worked) • Had serfs • The manor system was the basic economic arrangement, and basic rights for his serfs. Lord provided for serfs housing, farmland, protection from bandits. Serf's tended the lord's lands, cared for his animals, performed other tasks to maintain the estate. All peasants had 5 days of labor, certain portion of grain. __A Self- Contained World__ • Peasants could only go within the land of the Manor which had lord's manor house, a church, workshops and was surrounded by fields, pastures, woodlands, and sometimes a stream that would provide fish. • Serfs and peasants raised everything they needed for daily life--crops, milk, cheese, fuel, cloth, leather goods, and lumber. Outside purchases - salt, iron, objects for millstones. Crops were - grains like - wheat, rye, barley etc. __The Harshness of Manor Life__ • Peasants payed a tax on all grain ground in the lord's mill. Payed tax on marriage. Marriage could only happen with the lord's consent. They owed a church tax. • Serfs lived in crowded cottages with 1-2 rooms. Peasants warmed their dirt floor houses by bringing pigs inside at night they huddled on straw that had insects inside and ate veggies, coarse brown bread, grain, cheese and soup. • Men and Women worked and took care of families. Children worked when they were old enough and most didn't make it to their adulthood because of illness and malnutrition. Life was around 35 years and never traveled 25 miles from their own house. • Serfs believed that god determined a person's place in society.
 * Key Events:**
 * Invaders Attack Western Europe**
 * A New Social Order: Feudalism**
 * Manors: The Economic Side of Feudalism**