17-3

17-3:

__Indulgence:__ Pardon __Theses:__ Formal statement __Reformation:__ A movement for religious reform that led to the founding of Christian churches that did not accept the pope's authority. __Lutherans:__ Martin Luther and his followers new religious group __Peace of Augsburg:__ in 1555, Charles ordered all German princes bother Protestant and Catholic to assemble in the city of Augsburg where the princes agreed that each ruler would decide the religion of this state. __annul:__ when a pope could set aside a marriage if you had proof could be found that it had never been legal in the first place.
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__Protestant:__ Christians who belonged to non- Catholic churches
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__-Causes of the Reformation-__ - 1500, church authority was challenged based on the secular - printing press spread secular ideas - rulers challenged church's political power Germany: - pope couldn't impose central authority - northern merchants resented church taxes to Rome
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__Criticisms of the Catholic Church__ • critics of the church claimed that its leaders were corrupt. Pope Alexander Vi admitted that he had fathered several children and couldn't do spiritual duties. The popes: - patronized the arts, - Spent a lot on personal pleasure - fought wars • Many priests and monks couldn't read or teach people and some married, drank and gambled.

__Early Calls for Reform __ • John Wycliffe of England and Jan Hug of Bohemia had denied that the pope had the right to worldly power and taught that the Bible had more authority than the Church leaders did. • 1500s, Christian humanists Desiderius Erasmus and Thomas More also were criticizing. • Europeans were reading religious works and forming their own opinions about the Church

__-Luther Challenges the Church- __ • Martin Luther a monk taught scripture at the University of Wittenberg in German state of Saxony and all he wanted was to be a good christian, not to lead a religious revolution.

__The 96 Theses __ • 1517, Martin went against Johann Tetzel was raising money to rebuild St.Peter's Cathedral in Rome and was selling it by indulgences. Tetzel gave people the impression that by buying indulgences, they could buy their way into heaven. • Luther responded to Tetzel by writing a 95 Theses attacking the "pardon-merchants" On October 31, 1517 he posted the statements on the church in Wittenberg and invited other scholars to debate him. Then someone took this words and took them to a printer were Luther became known in Germany. • His actions began the Reformation.

__ Luther's Teachings __ • Martin Luther wanted full reform of the Church by 3 ideas: - People could win salvation only by faith in God's gift of forgiveness - Church teachings should be based on the Bible - All people with faith were equal

__ -The Response to Luther- __ • People saw Luther's protests as a way to challenge Church control

__ The Pope' Threat __ • Pope saw Luther as a serious threat and Luther suggested that Christians drive the pope from the Church by force. • 1520, Pope Leo X threatened Luther excommunication unless he took back his statements and Luther threw the pope's decree into the fire then Leo excommunicated Luther.

__ The Emperor's Opposition __ • Roman emperor Charles V, a devout catholic summoned Luther to Worms in 1521 to stand trial so Charles issued the Edict of Worms which made luther an outlaw and heretic in which no one was to give him food or shelter and his books to be burned. • Prince Frederick the Wise of Saxony sheltered Luther in one of his castles and Luther then translated the New Testament into German. • Luther returned to Wittenberg in 1552 and many people were practicing his teachings already so a separate religious group was formed called the Lutherans.

__The Peasant's Revolt__ • 1524, German peasants demanded an end to serfdom so they raided monasteries, pillaging and burning the countryside. Luther told the princes to have no mercy and the armies killed 100,000 people. Peasants then rejected Luther's religious leadership.

__Germany at War__ • some princes genuinely shared Luther's beliefs, others like Luther's ideas for selfish reasons because they saw his teachings a good excuse to assert their independence from Charles V. • 1529, German princes agreed to join forces with the pope against Luther's ideas and those who supported Luther signed a protest against that agreement. The protesting princes came to be known as Protestants. • Peace of Augsburg

__-England Becomes Protestant-__ __Henry VII Wants a Son__ • Henry VII became king of England in 1509. 1521, he got the title "Defender of the Faith" from the pope after attacking Luther's ideas but needed a son to take over if he died and only had a daughter, Mary. • 1527, Henry wanted a divorced from his older wife Catherine for a younger one who had have babies, but divorce was not allowed in the church. The pope could annul though. Henry asked the pope to annul but the pope turned him down because he did not want to offend Catherine's power nephew, the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V.

__The Reformation Parliament__ • In 1529, Henry felt he needed to fix his marriage so he went to the parliament to end the pope's power in England and this is known as the Reformation Parliament. • 1533, Henry secretly married Anne Boleyn and later parliament legalized Henry's divorce from Catherine. 1534, Parliament passed the Act of Supremacy which made Henry the head of England's Church. • Thomas More refused to the take the Oath. In response, Henry had him arrested and imprisoned in the Tower of London. 1535, More was found guilt of treason and executed.

__Consequences of Henry's Changes__ • Anne Boleyn, Henry's second wife gave birth to a daughter Elizabeth, so she was charged with treason and was beheaded in 1536. Henry took a third wife, Jane Seymour and in 1537 she gave him a son Edward. His wife died 2 weeks later. He married 3 more times, but had no more children. • 1547, henry died and 3 of his children ruled in England in turn. Edward became king when he was 9 yrs old and he was guided by advisors. Then Mary took the throne in 1553 who returned the English church to rule of the pope. Then in 1558, Elizabeth inherited the throne.

__Elizabeth Restores Protestantism__ • 1559, Parliament set up the Church of England, __Anglican__ Church, with Elizabeth as its head. Only legal church in England. • Elizabeth established a state church that Catholics and Protestants would both accept. Priests in the Church were allowed to marry and the church kept some of the trappings of the Catholic service such as rich robes.

__Elizabeth Faces Other Challenges__ • Protestants wanted more church reforms, Catholics wanted Mary Queen of Scots as ruler, Elizabeth faced threats from Philip II. • 1500s, English wanted an American empire as new source of Income and she was not getting enough money.