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__Thirty Years' War:__ A conflict over religion and territory and for power among European ruling families. Has two main phases: the phase of Hapsburg triumphs and the phase of Hapsburg defeats __Seven Years' War:__ DOWN BELOW
 * Bold Words:**

__Maria Theresa:__ Heir of Hapsburg territories. __Junkers:__ Prussia's landowning nobility __Frederick the Great:__ he followed his father's military policies when he came to power and ruled Prussia.
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__-The Thirty Years' War-__ • Lutheran and Catholic princes were both threatened by Calvinism • Lutherans joined together in the Protestant Union in 1608 • Catholic Princes formed the Catholic League
 * Key Events:**

__Bohemian Protestants Revolt__ • 1618- //__Ferdinand II__// was head of the Hapsburg family and ruled the Czech kingdom of Bohemia but many protestants in bohemia didn't like him and they revolted. • German protestant princes took this change to challenge their Catholic emperor • Thirty Year's War

__Hapsburg Triumphs__ • 30 yr war was 1618- 1648 • first 12 years- Hapsburg armies from Austria and Spain defeated the troops sent by the Protestant princes. • They put down the Czech uprising and German protestants • Ferdinand II had 125,000 men to rob German villages

__Hapsburg Defeats__ • //__Gustavas Adolphus of Sweden__// and his army of 23,000 drove the Hapsburg armies out of northern Germany in 1630. • He died in 1632 • //__Cardinal Richelieu and Cardinal Mazarin__// feared the Hapsburgs. Richelieu sent French troops to join the German and Swedish Protestants to fight the Hapsburg armies.

__Peace of Westphalia__ • Germans population dropped from 20 mil- 16 mil. Didn't become a unified state until 1800s. • Peace of Westphalia (1648) ended the war. Treaty had consequences - weakened states of Spain and Australia - strengthened France by awarding it German territory - made German princes independent of the Holy Roman emperor - ended religious wars in Europe - introduced a new method of peace negotion

__Beginning of Modern States__ • Most important in 30 year war was Europe was recognized as a group of equal, independent states.

__-States Form in Central Europe-__ • In Europe major powers were: kingdom of Poland, the Holy Roman Empire, and the Ottoman Empire.

__Economic Contrasts with the West__ • central europe developed differently from western europe because of serfs moving to towns and joining middle-classman. • central Europe landowners passed laws that made the serfs to not move to cities and produce large harvests.

__Several Weak Empires__ • Landowning nobles allowed the king little income, no law courts, and no standing army. As a result, there was no strong ruler. • Ottoman Empire declined from its peak of power from 1529 on • Thirty Years' War weakened the Holy Roman Empire and then it had no real power so it weakened empires and kingdoms.

__Austria Grows Stronger__ • //__Hapsburgs of Austria__// took several steps to become absolute monarchs. They reconquered Bohemia and wiped out the Protestantism there and created a new Czech nobility that pledged loyalty to them. • They also centralized the government and created a standing army. • 1699 they had retaken Hungary from the Ottoman empire • 1711, //__Charles VI__// became the Hapsburg ruler. The fact that one Hapsburg ruler wore the Austrian, Hungarian, and Bohemian crowns kept the empire together.

__Maria Theresa Inherits the Austrian Throne__ • Charles VI persuaded other leaders of Europe to sign an agreement that declared they would recognize territories. • That heir was named //__Maria Theresa__// and she faced years of war. Her main enemy was Prussia.

__-Prussia Challenges Austria-__ • //__Hohenzollern family__// ruled Prussia.

__The Rise of Prussia__ • 1640, 20 year old //__Frederick William__// (Great Elector) decided to have a strong army to ensure safety. • It was an absolute monarchy and had the best standing army in Europe which had 80,000 men. • They introduced permanent taxation to pay for army. • They Weakened the representative assemblies of their territories. • Junkers resisted the king's power. Early 1700s, //__King Frederick William I__// gave the Junkers the exclusive right to be officers in his army. Became highly militarized society.

__Frederick the Great__ • 1730, Fredericks son, Frederick ran away with his friend. To punish the kid frederick, the king ordered him to witness his friend's beheading. //__• Fredrick II__// (Frederick the Great) he softened some of his father's laws and thought a ruler should be like a father to his people.

__War of the Austrian Succession__ • 1740, //__Maria Theresa__// succeeded her father, just five months after Frederick II became king of Prussia. In 1740, he sent his army to occupy Silesia, beginning of the war of the Austrian Succession. • She journeyed to hungary and got a army by the Hapsburg ruler. She did stop Prussia's aggression, she lost Silesia in the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle in 1748.

__The Seven Years' War__ • Maria Theresa made an alliance with the French. So Frederick signed a treaty with Britain. Now, Austria, France, Russia and others were allied against Britain and Prussia. • Not only did Austria and Prussia switched allies, and Russia was playing a role in European affairs. • 1756, Frederick attacked Saxony. This started a war. Fought in Europe, India, and North America, until 1763. Called the __Seven Years' War.__ • The British were the real victors in the Seven Years' war. France lost it's colonies in North America, and Britain gained sole economic domination of India.