6-2

6-2 notes:

__• Civil War:__ A conflict between groups within the same country __• Triumvirate:__ A group of three rulers __• Augustus:__ Octavian title meaning "exalted one" //__• Pax Romana:__// Means "Roman Peace" and was the time period of Augustus rule in 27 B.C. to A.D. 180 when there was little fighting __• Civil Service:__ Augustus paid workers to manage the affairs of government, such as the grain supply, tax collection and postal system. So plebeians and slaves actually administered the empire.
 * Bold Words:**

__• Julius Caesar:__ Was a military leader and in 60 B.C. he joined Crassus(a wealthy Roman) and Pompey(popular general) which led to Caesar being elected in consul (59 B.C.) They now dominated Rome for 10 years.
 * Key People:**


 * Key Events:**

• Lower class societies were upset and military order was breaking down
 * The Republic Collapses:**

__//Economic Turmoil//__ • Rich vs. poor and by 100 B.C. enslaved persons formed 1/3 of Rome's population (Rich people on big estates had enslaved persons) • Urban Poor was 1/4 of Roman society. Former soldiers had sold land to the wealthy landowners and became homeless/jobless- some were seasonal migrant laborers and some went to other cities for work • Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus wanted wealthy landowners to give up some estates to the poor. Tiberius in 133 B.B. and Gaius in 121 B.C. were killed violently. Civil war followed their deaths.

//__Military Upheaval__// • Generals seized power for themselves buy recruiting poor soldiers and promising them land. Soldiers fought for pay and owed allegiance only to their commander.

//__Julius Caesar Takes Control__// • 60 B.C. military leader Julius Caesar joined Crassus(a wealthy Roman) and Pompey(popular general) which led to Caesar being elected in consul (59 B.C.) They now dominated Rome for 10 years. • Caesar was a strong leader, genius in military strategy and appointed him self government of Gaul (France) He conquered all of Gaul (58 B.C.-50 B.C.)His men were loyal and devoted. • Pompey, Ceaser's now political rival, feared his ambition. 50 B.C. the senate ordered Caesar to disband his legions and return home. •January 10, 49 B.C. he took his army through Italy(Pompey then fled) and defeated Pompey's armies in Greece, Asia, Spain, and Egypt. 46 B.C. he was appointed Dictator of Rome and 44 B.C. he was named dictator for life.

//__Caesar's Reforms__// • He was an absolute ruler who came up with reforms: - Granted Roman citizenship to many people in provinces - Exapnded the senate, adding friends and supporters from Italy and other regions - Created jobs for poor - Started colonies where people w/out land could own property - increased pay for soldiers •Marcus Brutus and Gaius Cassius they stabbed him to death in the senate chamber on March 15, 44.B.C. because they felt he was a tyrant.

//__Beginning of the Empire__// • Ceaser's 18 yr old grandnephew, and Octavian joined with Mark Antony and Lepidus and in 43 B.C. they took control of Rome and ruled for 10 yrs as the Second Triumvirate. • Octavian forced Lepidus to retire then he became enemies with Mark Antony who met Queen Cleopatra of Egypt and followed her to Egypt. Octavian accused Antony of plotting to rule Rome from Egypt, and Octavian defeated Antony and Cleopatra at the naval batter of Actium in 31 B.C. Antony and Cleopatra committed suicide. • Rome turned into an empire ruled by one man (Octavian)

//• Pax Romana// • Roman empire- 3 million sq miles, 60-80 million ppl, 1 million ppl lived in city of Rome itself.
 * A Vast and Powerful Empire**

//__A Sound Government__// • Romans had efficient government and able rulers- Augustus: - Stablized the frontier - Glorified Rome with public buildings - System of government - Set up civil surface • Augustus died in A.D. 14, the system of government established maintained the empire's stability due to the civil service carrying out operations. They ruled an empire that by 2nd century A.D. reached from Spain to Mesopotamia, North Africa to Britian including many different customs.

//__Agriculture and Trade__// • 90% of people were engaged in farming. Local foods and trade would be sold from a silver coin called denarius. • Rome had a vast trading network - ships would travel down the Mediterranean • Rome trade went to provinces and beyond because of the roads built for military purposes

• Rome emphasized the values of discipline, strength, and loyalty. People with these values had an important virtue of "gravitas" Romans preferred honored strength, power, and usefulness. • Farmers lived on country side and merchants, soldiers, slaves, foreigners and philosophers lived in the city.
 * The Roman World**

//__Slaves and Captivity__// • Slaves were very important to Rome's economy. They included captured men, women and children and babies born into slavery. They were known as the property of the owner - they could be punished, rewarded, set free, or put to death as their master saw fit. • They worked in the city and farm. They were treated cruelly- richer families treated them better. No slave rebels succeeded.

//__God and Goddesses__// • They believed in Numina- divine force and Lares- the guardian spirits of each family. They gave them various rituals, hoping to gain favor and avoid misfortune. • The deities were symbols of the state- Romans were expected to honor them in private and public. Jupitar- father of the gods Juno- Jupitars wife who watched over women Minerva- goddess of wisdom and of the arts and crafts •Religion off Rome was worship of the emperor

//__Society and Culture__// • Higher social class (rich) lived extravogent lives in nice homes, gardens, luxuries and food • Many people in Rome barely had food so government supported those people with daily rations of grain. The poor crowded into rickety, sprawling tenements so fire was a constant danger. • The government provided free games, races, mock battles and gladiator contests to distract and control the masses of Romans. A.D. 250 there were 150 holidays a year. Rich and poor would go to the Colosseum and watch fights, wild animals, etc. • During this time of Pax Romana Christianity started.