5-5

5-5 notes:

• Hellenistic Culture(Greek Culture): A combination of Egyptian, Persian and Indian Influences due to Alexander's policies. • Alexandria: An Egyptian City became the foremost center of commerce and Hellenistic civilization. • Colossus of Rhodes: Biggest statue on the island of Rhodes was a bronze and stood more than 100 feet high. One of the seven wonders of the world, it was toppled by an earthquake in 225 B.C. later the bronze was sold for scrap.
 * Bold Words:**

• Euclid: Was a highly regarded mathematician who taught in Alexandria. His best book was Elements, and contained 465 carefully presented geometry propositions and proofs. Euclid is still the basis for courses in geometry. • Archimedes: From syracuse, studied at Alexandria. He accurately estimated the value of pi, and the law of the lever. He was also good in geometry and physics and invented the Archimedes screw, a devise that raised water from the ground and the compound pulley to lift heavy objects.
 * Key People:**


 * Key Events:**

• Hellenistic Culture spoke Koine was a direct result of cultural blending because the word "koine" came from the Greek word common. This language allowed educated people from diverse backgrounds to communicate in Hellenistic cities.
 * Hellenistic Culture in Alexandria:**

__Trade and Cultural Diversity:__ • Alexandria's harbor on the western edge of the Nile delta is where trade from all around the Mediterranean would dock. In the 3rd century B.C., This allowed the city to become an international community, which had rich customs and traditions from Egypt and from the Aegean.

__Alexandra's Attractions:__ • Alexandria had braud avenues, greek statues, royal palaces, a tomb of Alexander's glass coffin, a stone lighthouse called the Pharos, museums, library. • The museum was a temple that had a zoo, art galleries, botanical gardens, and a dining hall, an institute for advanced studies.

• Until 16-17th century, Alexandrian scholars provided most of the scientific knowledge available to the West.
 * Science and Technology:**

__Astronomy:__ • The museum had a observatory for astronomers. The astronomer Aristarchus of Samos came up with 2 theories: - he thought the sun was at least 300 times larger than the Earth. He disproved that the sun was smaller than Greece. - Earth and other planets revolve around the sun. Astronomers refused to accept idea. • 2nd Century A.D., Ptolemy incorrectly placed Earth at the center of the solar system. Astronomers accepted this theory for 14 centuries. • Eratosthenes was a director at the library, astronomer, mathematician, historian, and a poet tried to calculate the size of the earth. He thought the circumference was between 28,000 29,000 miles. Its really 24,860 miles.

__Mathematics and Politics:__ • Eratostehnes and Aristacrchus used a geomatry text compiled by //Euclid.// • //Archimedes//, an important Hellenistic scientist. • Using Archimedes ideas, the Hellenistic scientists later built a force pump, pneumatic machines, and even a steam engine.

• The 3rd century, philosophers were most concerned about how people lived their lives.
 * Philosophy and Art:**

__Stoicism and Epicureanism:__ • Zeno (335-263 B.C.) was a greek philosopher that found the school called Stoicism. - Stoics proposed that people should live their lives in harmony with the will of god or the natural laws that God established to run the universe. - That preached that human desires, power, and wealth were dangerous distractions that should be checked. - Stoicism promoted social unity and encouraged it's followers to focus on what they could control. • Epicurus founded the school of thought named Epicureanism. - It taught that gods who have no interest in humans ruled the universe. - He thought the only real objects were the 5 senses. - greatest good and the highest pleasure came from virtuous conduct and the absence of pain. - main goal was to have harmony of body and mind • The word Epicrean means a person devoted to pursuing human pleasures, especially the enjoyment of good food.

__Realism in Sculpture:__ • Everyone purchased statues to honor gods, commemorate heroes, and portray ordinary people in everyday situations. • Colossus of Rhodes • Nike (Winged Victory) of Samothrace was on Rhodes and was created around 203 B.C. to commemorate a Greek Naval Victory. • In the classical age, they made sculptures that weren't so perfect, but instead a natural body. Like a wrinkley, old, peasant women. • 150 B.C. Rome was growing and gaining strength. They became the core of Western Civilization.