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Section 21-1 Section 21-1

inflation: A decline in the value of money absolute monarchs: kings or queens who held all of the power within their states' boundaries divine right: the idea that god created the monarchy and that the monarch acted as god's representative on earth.
 * Bold Words:**

Philip II: Inherited Spain, the Spanish Netherlands, and the American colonies.
 * Key People:**

__-A Powerful Spanish Empire -__ • 1555, he agreed to the Peace of Augsburg which allowed German princes to choose the religion for their territory. Charles V divided his empire, which was then given to Philip II.
 * Key Events:**

__Philip II's Empire__ • Philip was shy, serious, deeply religious, hard working. He didn't trust anyone. • 1580, Philip got the Portuguese kingdom. • 1600, American mines had supplied Spain with an estimated 339,000 pounds of gold. 1550-1650, 16,000 tons of silver bullion were unloaded from Spanish galleons (ships) Spain had 50,000 soldiers.

__Defender of Catholicism__ • 1571, pope got all Catholic princes to fight Ottoman Empire. The spanish and venetian shops defeated Ottoman fleet in a battle near Lepanto. 1588, Philip launched Spanish Armada to punish Protestant England and Elizabeth I. His fleet was defeated. • Escorial, Philip's gray granite palace, had demonstrated his power, his faith, had monastery.

__-Golden Age of Spanish Art and Literature-__ • 16h- 17th century Spain experienced a golden age in arts

__El Greco and Velázquez__ • El Greco ("Greek") or Domenikos Theotokopoulos painted with brilliant, clashing colors, distorted the human figure, emotion symbolically. They showed the Catholic faith techniques. He painted saints and martyrs as huge, long-limbed figures that have a supernatural air. • Paintings from Diego Velazquez was the court painter to Philip IV of Spain. Best known for his portraits of the royal family and scenes of court life. He used rich colors.

__Don Quixote__ • //Don Quixote de la Mancha// in 1605 was called the birth of the modern European novel. Miguel de Cervantes wrote about poor Spanish nobleman who crazy after reading too many books about heroic knights. • Some thought he was mocking chivalry, some think it's about idealistic person who wants a romantic past because he's frustrated with the world.

__-The Spanish Empire Weakens-__ • Gold and silver gave spain long-term economic problems

__Inflation and Taxes__ • Inflation had two main causes: 1) Spain's population had been growing 2) silver bullion flooded the market, the value dropped. • When spain expelled jews and moors (muslims) and in 1500, lost valuable artisans, business people. Tax fell on lower classes, so Spain never had a middle class due to lack of wealth.

__Making Spain's Enemies Rich__ • Guilds used old-fashion methods which made Spanish stuff more expensive.Spaniards bought stuff from France, England, Netherlands. Spain's wealth went to Spains enemies. • Spanish kings borrowed money from German and Italian bankers to pay for wars. Philip had to declare the Spanish state bankrupt three times

__The Dutch Revolt__ • Dutch had little in common with their spanish rulers- spain was catholics, and the Netherlands had many Calvinist congregations. Spain had bad economy, and Dutch had a good middle class. • 1566, angry Protestant mobs swept through Catholic churches so Philip send an army under the spanish duke of Alva to punish rebels. 1568, duke executed 1,500 Protestants and suspected rebels in a single day. • 1579, Netherlands declared their independence from Spain. They became : the united provinces of the Netherlands.

__-The Independent Dutch Prosper-__ • Netherlands practiced religious toleration and was a republic. Each province had an elected governor.

__Dutch Art__ • 1600s, Netherlands had the best banks and best artists in Europe. Wealthy merchants sponsored many of these artists. • Rembrandt van Rijn was the greatest dutch artist of the period. He painted portraits of wealthy middle class and group portraits. //The Night Watch// he portrayed a group of city guards. • Jan Vermeer chose domestic, indoor settings to his portraits. The work of both artists reveals how important merchants, civic leaders, and the middle class in general were in the 17th century Netherlands.

__Dutch Trading Europe__ • Amsterdam got grain from Poland and then sent the grain south while prices were highest. Dutch had the largest fleet of ships in the world-- perhaps 4,800 ships in 1636. The fleet helped The Dutch East India Company (a trading company controlled by the Dutch government) to dominate the Asian spice trade and the Indian ocean trade.

__-Absolutism in Europe-__

__The Theory of Absolutism__ • Absolute monarchs goal was to control every aspect of society. Absolute monarchs believed in divine right, the idea that god created the monarchy and that the monarchy acted as God's representative on earth. Absolute monarch answered only to god.

__Growing Power of Europe's Monarchs__ • Monarchs grew powerful-- they used the wealth of colonies to pay for their ambitions. One church broke down, they got had even more control. 1576, Jean Bodin talked in the Six books on the state.

__Cities Lead to Absolutism__ • 17th century warfare caused governments to build huge armies and to levy even heavier taxes on an already suffering population. • Absolute rulers regulated everything from religious worship to social gatherings. Their goal was to free themselves from the limitations imposed by the nobility and by representative bodies such as Parliament.