14-4

14-4 notes

__Avignon:__ The city in France where Clement V, the new pope, lived. The popes would live there for the next 69 years. __Great Schism:__ After having two popes, the split began in the church, or division. __Bubonic Plague:__ The plague that killed 1/3 of Europe's population around 1300s __Hundred Years' War:__ 1337- 1453 was the war between France and England that was on and off which Edward III launched. Victory assed back and forth between the two countries. 1421- 1453, the French rallied and drove the English out of France entirely, except for the port city of Calais.
 * Bold Words:**

__John Wycliffe:__ - reached that Jesus Christ was the true head of the Church - He didnt like that the worldliness and wealth the clergy displayed - he believed the clergy should own no land/wealth. - Bible alone was the final authority for Christian life - he inspired an English translation of the New testament of the Bible __Jan Hus:__ - professor in Bohemia - taught that the authority of the Bible was higher than pope - he was excommunicated in 1412 - 1414, he was seized by Church leaders, tired as a heretic - burned in 1415 __Joan of Arc:__ - French peasant who felt moved by God to rescue France - 13 yrs old, she had visions from voices of the saints - urged her to drive English out of France - Give Charles VII crown
 * Key People:**

**Key Events:** __-A Church Divided- __ • 1300's Church and pope were in trouble

__Pope and King Collide __ • People Boniface VIII attempted to enforce papal authority on kings and when King Philip IV of France had power over French bishops, Boniface made a document stating that the kings must always obey popes. • Philip had held Boniface in prison in September 1303 - king planned to bring him to France for trial. The pope died after being rescued and a pope could never force monarchs to obey him.

__Avignon and the Great Schism __ • 1305 Philip IV convinced the College of Cardinals to choose Clement V as the new pope so he moved from Rome to Avignon. • 1378, Pope Gregory Xi died while visiting Rome, where the College of Cardinals then met in Rome to choose a successor- chants outside made them choose an Italian pope named Pope Urban VI. Few months later a new pope was chosen, Robert of Geneva (Clement VII) • French pope lived in Avignon, Italian pope lived in Rome. Great Schism started. • 1414, Council of Constance tried to end the Great Schism by choosing a single pope. Then their was 3 popes (Avignon, Roman, pope chosen at Pisa) All three popes resigned with the help of Holy Roman Emperor. 1417, Martin V was chosen- ending Great Schism

__Scholars Church Authority __ • John Wycliffe & Jan Hus

__- The Bubonic Plague Strikes- __ • 1300's an epidemic struck parts of Asia, North Africa, Europe. 1/3 of the Europe died of "bubonic plague"

__Origins and Impact of the Plague__ • Plague began in Asia. 1347, a fleet of Genoese merchant ships arrived in Sicily carrying bubonic plague (Black Death- because of spots produced on skin) The disease went through Italy, Spain, France, Germany, England, some part of Europe/ North Africa. • 2/3 - 3/4 died after getting the disease. • Plague returned every few years, but not like the first outbreak-- this reduced population

__Effects of the Plague__ - town populations fell - trade declined, prices rose - serfs left manors - peasants revolted in England, France, Italy, Belgium - Jews were blamed for Plague and driven from their homes/massacured - church suffered a loss of prestige - priests left • Century of war began between England and France

__-The Hundred Years' War-__ • 1300's England and France battled with each other on French soil for just over a century - Medieval period ended • England's Edward III (grandson of Philip IV) claimed throne. 1337-1453 Hundred Years' War started. 1421- 1453 French drove English out • The war brought change in the style of warfare in Europe -- longbow changed warfare.

__The Longbow Changes Warfare__ • English introduced the longbow in 3 battles: Crécy, Poitiers, Agincourt. • August 26, 1346 in the battle of Crécy the English thew longbows at the French (that had three times as many men) which then made them weak, so the English would use long knives to slaughter the French. In the end, 1/3 of the French lay dead. The longbow had won over chivalry. • Battle of Agincourt in 1415 and the battle of Poiters also demonstrated the longbow's importance for the English

__Joan of Arc__ • 1420 - French and English signed a treaty stating that Henry V would inherit the French crown upon the death of Charles VI. 1429, Joan of Arc had visions to drive the English from France and give the crown to true French kings, Charles VII, son of Charles VI. • May 7, 1429 Joan led the French army into battle at a fort near Orléans. French retreated in despair. Joan and a few soldiers charged back toward the fight and won. • Charles was crowned king on July 17, 1429. In 1430, The Burgundians, England's allies, captured Joan in battle. English turned her over to the Church but Charles did not rescue her. Joan was burned at stake on May 30, 1431 for a with and a heretic.

__The Impact of the Hundred Years' War__ • war ends in 1453 Changes: - A feeling of nationalism emerged in England and France. King was now known as a national leader, not just a feudal lord. - Power and prestige of the French monarch increased. - English suffered a period of internal turmoil known as the War of Roses, in which 2 noble houses fought for the throne. • Middle Age ended around 1453- the end of Hundred Years' war